websayitii Ofiselawa MHAAGJtirraa hawaasaaf maal fayyadee?
tamsasa fm MHAAGJ kan toora interneetitiin tamsaafamuun hawasaaf hubannoon seeraa kennamee mal fakkaataa? bu’aan qabatamaan bu’ee malii? tamsaasa kana hoo carraa nama meqaa bira gahuu danda’aa? muxxannoon kana irraa dhaabbileen biraa argachuu danda’an jiraa?
walumaagalattii hanqinaafii ciminnii itti fayyadama ICT MHAAGJ maal fakkaata?
[3] Solomon A. “Local Internet Content: the Case of Ethiopia” Department of Computer Science College of Natural Sciences Addis Ababa University Published. pp4 available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279526100
barruu kana Seeroonii kenya wa’e tamboo mal jedhanii kan jeedhuu abbaa alangaa godina jimmaa anaa cora botor kan ta’an Obboo mulugeetaa megersaadhaan qophaa’e
garee komnikeshinii mana hojii abbaa alangaa godina jimmaa.
seensa
Tamboo xuuxuun nama xuuxu irrattis haa ta’uu bakka namoonnii baay’een argamanitti xuuxuun rakkoo fayyaa kan qaqqabsiisu ta’uu odeffannoon madda adda addaa irraa argamuu ni mul’isa(muldhisa).Kana qofaa osoo hin taanee waraqaawwan tamboon itti samsamamu irratti barreeffamni tamboon du’aaf nama saaxilaa, tamboon dhibeewwan kaansariinama qabsiisa jedhu barreeffames kan argamuu yommuu ta’ukun miidhaa tamboon qaqqabsiisuu kan akeekuudha.
Qorannoo Dhaabbani Fayyaa Addunyaa (WHO) yeroo adda addaa taasisuu irratti akka mul’isutti(muldhisutti) namonni miiliyoona 8 tti tilmaamaman sababa tambootiin akka guutuu addunyaatti kan du’an yommuu ta’u kana keessaa namootni miliyoonni 1.2 ta’an namoota hin xuuxnedha.Akkasumas gama diinagdeetin immoo Doolaara Ameerikaa Biiliyoona 500 tilmaamamu miidhaa qaqqabsiisaa jira.Bu’uura qorannoo kanaatiin rakkinootni kun kan uumaman biyyoota guddatanitti ta’us yeroo ammaa garuu sababa adda addatiin biyyoota hin guddanneettis rakkoon kun kan babaldhachaa(babal’achaa) jirudha.Rakkinni kun babal’achuu irraan kan ka’e hawaasni addunyaa tamboo to’achuu irratti ejjannoo walfakkaata akka qabatan tasisee jira.
Yeroo Jalqabatif A.L.Awuropaa bara 2003 Dhabbanii Fayyaa Addunyaa(WHO) tooftaawwan tamboo to’achuuf dandeessisuufi biyyoota miseensa ta’an dirqama irra kaa’u <<Framework convention on tobacco control>> yookiin sanada waligalee tamboo to’achuuf bahee mirkaneesse.Haa ta’u malee waliigaltee kana hojiirra oolchuf mariin kan jalqabame bara 1995 ture.Seenaa Dhaabbata Mootummoota Gamtoomanii kaassatti konvenshiniin kun konveenshinii yeroo gabaaba keessatti hojii irra ooledha.
Biyyi keenyaa Itioophiyaan Guraandhala 25 bara 2004 waligalticha mallatteessiterti .kana buu’uura godhachuudhaan labsiin lakk. 661/2001 kan bahee ta’uus booda irra garuu labsiin Lakk. 1112/2011 bahuu danda’eera. kana qofa osoo hin taanee labsii 661 irratti hundaa’uun Manni marii ministeerotaa dambii lakk. 229/2007 baasuudhaan hojii irra ooluu danda’eeraa.
Kana ta’uu isaatin bakka namoonni baay’atanitti tamboo xuuxuun kan dhorkameef daa’imman amala(naamusa) hin barbaachifne qabatanii akka hin guddanneefi.
Tamboon akkuma beekamu waan qilleensa faana haala salphaan makamuu danda’u waan ta’eef qilleensi immoo yeroo gababa keessatti bakka baay’ee fi nama baay’ee bira qaqqaba waan ta’eef tamboo qilleensatti makame baatee bakkaa bakkatti socho’a jechuudha.Kanaaf namoonni tamboo xuuxan hanguma rakkoo fayyaa of irraan gahan rakkoo fayyaa nama hin xuuxne irraan gahu.Namootni hin xuuxne gaasota summaa’oof ,keemikaalota xixiqqoo haara tamboo keessatti argamaniin hanguma namoota xuuxanii miidhaan irraa gaha waan ta’eef seerichi kan baheefis namoota hin xuuxne eeguf jecha kan dhorke.Akkuma waliigalaatti kaayyoon seera kanaa dhaloota amma jirus ta’ee dhaloota gara fulduraa ilaalchisee rakkoowwan gama diinagdeetin,hawaasummaatin akkasumas faalama qilleensaa irraa eegufi.
Dhorkaa Bakka Gurgurtaa
Nama umuriin isaa waggaa 21 gadi ta’etti kallaatinis ta’eeal’kallatiin tamboo gurguruun hindanda’amu nama umuriin isaa kanaa gadi ta’es gurgursiisuun hindanda’amuu.
Qaamni dhoorkaawwanii fi dirqamoota labsii kana fi dambii keessatti hammataman darbee(cabsee) argame tarkaanfi adabbiin itti Fudhatamu labsiidhuma kana keessatti hammatamee jira.Kunis tarkaanfii bulchiinsaa fi adabbii yakkaa ti
Tarkaanfii Bulchiinsaa
Tarkaanfiin buulchiinsaa akkuma balleessaa,miidhaa fi baay’ina badichaatti kan hundaa’u ta’ee tarkaanfichi garuu akeekkachiisa barreeffamaatii kaasee hanga eeyyamni daldalaa haqamuutti kan qaqqabu ta’a.Yoo balleessaa irra deddeebin raawwate hojii kana keessatti akka lammaffaa hin hirmaanne dhorkamuu danda’a.
Namni himatame akkuma nama kamiyyuu mirgoota daangaa seeraa keessatti kabajameef qaba.Mirgoota kana keessaa mirga murtii saffisaa argachuun isa tokkoodha.Mirgi kunis Heera Mootummaa Federaalaa Dimookraatawaa Rippublika Itoophiyaa keewwata 20(1) irraa hubachuun ni danda’ama.Gama biraatin immoo dhimmi yakkaa osoo wal-irraa hin ciccitin yeroo gabaabaa keessatti kan dhagahamuu fi xummuramuu qabu ta’uu seera deemsa falmii yakkaa irraa hubachuun ni danda’ama.Kana qofa osoo hin taane seerota idila addunyaa biyyi keenya mallateessite keessa tokko kan ta’e Konveenshiniin Mirga sivilii fi siyaasaa mirga kanaaf beekkamtii fi eegumsa kenneet jira.Haa ta’u malee gaalee yeroo gabaabaa jedhu kun hiikoof kan saaxilame waan ta’eef dhimmuma walfakkaataa irratti murtiin kennamu garaagarummaan guyyootaa,torbanii fi darbees baatidhaan lakkaa’amu akka uumamu ta’eet jira.Kana Furuudhaaf jecha immoo yaadrimeen Tooftaa Saffisa Adeemsa Falmii Yakkaa (TSAFY) yookiin RTD (Real time Dispach) jedhu hojii irra ooluu danda’eera.Haa ta’u malee gama ogeessota adda addaatin ilaalchi fi hubannoon yaadrimee kana irratti muldhatu(mul’atu)murtiiwwan adda addaa akka kennamaniif sababa ta’aat jira.
Garaagarummaa ilaalchota dhimma kana irratti muldhatan (Mul’atan) keessaa mirga of irraa ittisuu himatamaa dhiphisaa, hanga murtiin dhumaa kennamutti mirga qulqulluu ta’ee tilmaamamuu himatamaa sarbaa.Mirga Abukkaattoo isaa faana mari’achuu sarba kan jedhan isaan ijoodha.Kanuma bu’ura godhachuudhaan dhugumayyuu tooftaan Saffisa Adeemsaa Falmii Yakkaa(TSAFY) yookiin RTD mirga of irraa ittisuu(ragaa ittisaa dhiyeeffachuu) himatamaa sarba moo? hin sarbu? kan jedhu barreeffama kana keessatti kan ilaallu ta’a.
Seenaa Dhufaatii
Adeemsi murtii battalaa (TSAFY) yookiin RTD dhuma bara 1994(GC) irratti biyya Faransaayitti kan jalqabamee fi booda irra gara guutuu Faransaayitti kan babaldhate(babal’ate) ta’uu odeeffannoowwan gama kanaan barreeffaman ni muldhisu(Mul’isu).Booda irra immoo bara 2006(Gc) biyya Yunaayitid Kingdam(UK)tti moggaasa ‘Next Day Justice’ jedhuun jijjiirama guddaa akka fide himama.Biyya Faransaayitti “Real Time Dispatch” Britaaniyaatti “Next Day Justice”kan jedhamu adeemsa addaa osoo hin taane tooftaa addaati.(RTD is not a special procedure as such.It is rather a technique).Yeroo baay’ee dhimmootni kun hojii irra kan oolan yakkoota harhaaf harkatti qabamaniifi.
Akka Biyya keenyaatti yeroo jalqabaatif dhimmi kun kan hojiirra oole biyya Harargeetti kabaja Ayyaanaa Gabreelii Qullubbiitti.Ergaa ennaa sanaati jala bultii Barkumee Itoophiyaatii jalqabee Magaalaa Finfinneetti kan ittiin hojjatamaa jirudha.Kana Qofaa osoo hin taane Biyya Hawaasaatti kabaja ayyaana Gabreeli irratti yakkoota harkaa fi harkaa irratti adeemsi kun kan baldhinaan itti hojjatamaa jiruudha..
Muuxannoo Biyya Ambaa
1.Faransaay:-Biyyi kun wixinneessituu yaada kanaa akka taate ni beekama.
Abbaan Alangaa waa’ee Amala himatamaa, Haala jireenya isaa (fkn,teessoo,maatii, iddo jireenya dhabbata kan qabu ta’u),Nama naannoo kana gadhiisee miliqee iddoo kan biraatti jiraachuu danda’a jedhamee kan shakkamu ta’uu fi dhiisuu fi kkf qorachuun
Yakka raawwatamee fi eenyummaa namichaa madaaluudhaan shakkamaan kun Mana Murtichaatti deebi’ee dhiyaatuu akka hin dandeenye ta’uu isaa tilmaamni akka fudhatamuuf carraaquu qaba. Dhimma kanaan wal qabatee rakkoowwan jiran yeroo tokko tokko Ragaan deeggaruu dhabuun ni mul’ata.
Kanaafuu Wanta qabatamaa ta’e shakkamaan ykn himatamaan mana murtiitti dhiyachuu hin danda’u jedhamee shakkisiisuu danda’u jirachuun isaa sirritti qulqulla’uu qaba.
PREAMBLE We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia: Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to self-determination, to building a political community founded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace, guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our economic and social development; Firmly convinced that the fulfillment of this objective requires full respect of individual and people’s fundamental freedoms and rights, to live together on the basis of equality and without any sexual, religious or cultural discrimination; Further convinced that by continuing to live with our rich and proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited, have, through continuous interaction on various levels and forms of life, built up common interest and have also contributed to the emergence of a common outlook; Fully cognizant that our common destiny can best be served by rectifying historically unjust relationships and by further promoting our shared interests; Convinced that to live as one economic community is necessary in order to create sustainable and mutually supportive conditions for ensuring respect for our rights and freedoms and for the collective promotion of our interests; Determined to consolidate, as a lasting legacy, the peace and the prospect of a democratic order which our struggles and sacrifices have brought about; Have therefore adopted, on 8 December 1994 this constitution through representatives we have duly elected for this purpose as an instrument that binds us in a mutual commitment to fulfil the objectives and the principles set forth above.
LL.B (HU), LL.M (ECU), served as a judge in Oromia, & serving as a Legal Researcher at OJSPTLRI ; E-mail: bashaane@gmail.com
Waajjira MHAAGJ⚖️
abstract
A person who owns a vehicle apprehended transporting illegal coffee is punished by a fine of Birr 50,000 and an imprisonment of three to five years under Article 15(6) of the Federal Coffee Quality Control and Marketing Proclamation. The wording of the provision and different interpretation rules indicate that the crime is a strict or/and a vicarious criminal liability offence that punishes a person without the need for proving his guilty mind or guilty act. In practice, however, it is interpreted and applied inconsistently. Where some courts apply it as the direct meaning of the provision suggests, other courts penalize an owner of a vehicle apprehended transporting illegal coffee only where he carries out the illegal act personally. Furthermore, Article 23(6) of the Oromia Coffee Quality Control and Marketing Proclamation, which is intended to facilitate the implementation of the previous provision, conveys indefinite meanings as to the criminal responsibility of a person who owns a vehicle apprehended transporting illegal coffee. Hence, it further complicates the problem. Moreover, the provisions are encroaching on the fundamental human rights and the uniform application of the basic criminal principles in the country. In view of that, this article recommends that the Federal Legislature and Caffee Oromia should reconsider the criminal responsibility of a person who owns a vehicle apprehended transporting illegal coffee and reset the liability that goes with the spirit of the FDRE Constitution and the Criminal Code.
Gama biraatiin, ogeessotni seeraa biroo immoo akka jedhanitti seerri maatii beekamtiin inni warra akka abbaa warraa fi haadha warraatti osoo gaa’ila hin raawwatiin waliin jiraataniif kenne akkuma nama kamiiyyuu yommuu waliin jiraatan akka walgargaaranii fi yommuu waliin jireenyi isaanii waggaa sadii fi ol ta’e dhama’a waliin qabaachuu danda’u tilmaama jedhu irraa kan ka’e qabeenya waliinii ilaalchisee beekamtii kennaaf malee karaalee maatiin ittiin hundeeffamu keessaa isa tokko akka ta’eetti iddoon seerri itti tume ykn raggaase hinjiru4 . Yaadonni kunniin bu’uura tumaalee seera maatii ilaallataniin yommuu xiinxalaman walquunnamtii gaa’ilaan ala akka dhirsaa fi niitiitti waliin jiraachuu akka karaa hundeeffama maatiitti seerri gonkumaa beekamtiin kenneef hin jiru jechuudhaaf yaada amansiisaa ta’ee hin mul’atu. Sababoonnis:
Tokkoffaa, hundeeffama maatii ilaalchisee SMO kwt 128-129 jalatti akkaataa gaa’ilaan ala waliin jireenyi dhirsaa fi niitummaa ittiin hundaa’uu fi ittiin mirkanaa’u tumuun alattis dhorkaan raawwii gaa’ila firooma dhiigaa fi gaa’ila keessatti SMO kwt. 27 fi 28 jalatti ibsame walquunnamtii gaa’ilaan alaa akka dhirsaafi niitiitti waliin jiraachuu irrattis raawwatamummaa akka qabu seerumti kun kwt.130 (2) jalatti tumuun isaa hundeeffama walqunnamtichaaf eegumsaa fi beekamtii kennuu isaa kan agarsiisuu dha.
Lammaffaa, gama bu’aawwan hordofsiisaniitiinis gaa’illi dhuunfaa walfuutotaa fi qabeenyaisaanii irrattis dirqamootni hordofsiisu kan jiran yoo ta’u, gaa’ilaan ala akka dhirsaa fi niitiitti waliin jiraachuunis walkabajaa fi waldeeggarsa waliin jireenyichi gaafatu guutuudhaafdirqama kan uumu ta’uun isaa waliin jiraattonni akkuma nama kamiiyyuu osoo hin ta’inakkuma warra gaa’ila raawwataniitti dirqamoota kana bahuu akka qaban waan agarsiisuufkunis seerichi beekamtiin walquunnamtii kanaaf kenne jiraachuu isaa kan cimsuu dha.
Sadaffaa, abbummaa daa’imman walquunnamtii kana keessatti dhalatanii mirkaneessuuilaalchiseetis SMO kwt.134 jalatti bu’uura tumaalee seerichaa keewwattoota 142-147’tiin kan ilaalamu ta’uu kan tume yommuu ta’u, abbaan daa’ima walqunnamticha keessatti ulfaa’amee
ykn dhalatee namicha akka abbaa warraatti haadha daa’imichaa waliin jiraachaa ture akka ta’e akkuma isa gaa’ila keessatti ulfaa’amee ykn dhalateetti tilmaamni seeraa kan fudhatamu ta’uu seerichi kallattiidhaan kwt.142 jalatti tumee jira. Kunis seerichi walquunnamtii gaa’ilaan ala akka dhirsaa fi niitiitti waliin jiraachuu irraa maatii uumamuuf eegumsaa fi beekamtii kennuu isaa mul’isa. Haaluma walfakkaatuun, hariiroowwan olitti ibsaman kanaan alatti hariiroowwan kan biroo dhiiraa fi dubara tokko jidduutti godhaman seera duratti bu’aa wayiituu kan hin qabne (beekamti seeraa kan hin qabne) ta’uu SMO kwt.139 (1) jalatti ifaan kan tumames yaaduma kana kan cimsuu dha.
Haata’u malee, walquunnamtii gaa’ilaan ala akka dhirsaa fi niitiitti waliin jiraachuu kanaaf beekamtiin seerri kenne isa gaa’ilaatiin walqixa ykn tokkoodha jechuu akka hin taanehubachuun kan barbaachisu yoo ta’u, yaadni gama kanaan ogeessotni tokko tokkotarkanfachiisanis guutumatti amansiisaa fi bu’uura seeraa kan qabu ta’ee hin mul’atu.Sababiin isaatis walquunnamtiiwwan lameeniifuu beekamtii fi eegumsi seerri kenne ykn godhe walqixa ykn tokkuma taanaan barbaachisummaa gaa’ilaa gaaffii keessa galchuu akkata’e ifaan hubatama.
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Sababiiwwan kana irraa ka’uudhaan walquunnamtiiwwan lameeniifuu seerichi akka madda argama maatiitti beekamtii fi eegumsa bu’uuraa kan godheef yoo ta’ellee bu’aan walquunnamtiin gaa’ilaan ala dhirsaa fi niitummaan waliin jiraachuu dhuunfaa waliin jiraattotaa fi qabeenya isaanii irratti hordofsiisu kan gaa’ilaa irra xinnaa ta’uu fi eegumsi godhamuufis akkasuma kan gaa’ilaan qixa akka hin taane 5 yaadni dhiyeessu caalatti seera qabeessaa fi amansiisaa fakkaata.
Introduction Objectives Recognizing the growing importance of international arbitration as a means of settling international commercial disputes, the Convention on the Recog-nition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the Convention) seeks to provide common legislative standards for the recognition of arbitration agreements and court recognition and enforcement of foreign and non-. domestic arbitral awards. . The term “non-domestic” appears to embrace awards which, although made in the state of enforcement, are treated as “foreign” under its law because of some foreign element in the proceedings, e..g. . another State’s procedural laws are applied.. The Convention’s principal aim is that foreign and non-domestic arbitral awards will not be discriminated against and it obliges Parties to ensure such awards are recognized and generally capable of enforcement in their jurisdiction in the same way as domestic awards. . An ancillary aim of the Convention is to require courts of Parties to give full effect to arbitration agreements by requiring courts to deny the parties access to court in con-travention of their agreement to refer the matter to an arbitral tribunal..
Key provisions
The Convention applies to awards made in any State other than the State in which recognition and enforcement is sought. .It also applies to awards “not considered as domestic awards”. . When consenting to be bound by the. Convention, a State may declare that it will apply the Convention.
in respect to awards made only in the territory of another Party and.
only to legal relationships that are considered “commercial” under its domestic law..
The Convention contains provisions on arbitration agreements. . This aspect was covered in recognition of the fact that an award could be refused . enforcement on the grounds that the agreement upon which it was based might not be recognized. .Article II (1) provides that Parties shall recognize written arbitration agreements. .
In that respect, UNCITRAL adopted, at its thirty-ninth session in 2006, a Recommendation that seeks to provide guidance to Parties on the interpretation of the requirement in article II (2) that an arbitration agreement be in writing and to encourage application of article VII (1) to allow any interested party to avail itself of rights it may have, under the law or treaties of the country where an arbitration agreement is sought to be relied upon, to seek recognition of the validity of such an arbitration agreement. .
The central obligation imposed upon Parties is to recognize all arbitral awards within the scheme as binding and enforce them, if requested to do so, under the lex fori. .Each Party may determine the procedural mechanisms that may be followed where the Convention does not prescribe any requirement..
The Convention defines five grounds upon which recognition and enforce-ment may be refused at the request of the party against whom it is invoked. . The grounds include incapacity of the parties, invalidity of the arbitration agreement, due process, scope of the arbitration agreement, jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, setting aside or suspension of an award in the country in which, or under the law of which, that award was made. .The Convention defines two additional grounds upon which the court may, on its own . motion, refuse recognition and enforcement of an award. . Those grounds relate to arbitrability and public policy..
The Convention seeks to encourage recognition and enforcement of awards in the greatest number of cases as possible. .That purpose is achieved through article VII (1) of the Convention by removing conditions for recognition and enforcement in national laws that are more stringent than the conditions in the Convention, while allowing the continued application of any national provisions that give special or more favourable rights to a party seeking to enforce an award. . That article recognizes the right of any interested party to avail itself of law or treaties of the country where the award is sought to be relied upon, including where such law or treaties offer a regime more favourable than the Convention..
Entry into force
The Convention entered into force on 7 June 1959 (article XII)..
How to become a party
The Convention is closed for signature. . It is subject to ratification, and is open to accession by any Member State of the United Nations, any other
State which is a member of any specialized agency of the United Nations, or is a Party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice (articles VIII and IX)..
Optional and/or mandatory declarations and notifications
When signing, ratifying or acceding to the Convention, or notifying a terri-torial extension under article X, any State may on the basis of reciprocity declare that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Party to the Convention. . It may also declare that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the State making such declaration (article I)..
Denunciation/Withdrawal
Any Party may denounce this Convention by a written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. .Denunciation shall take effect one year after the date of the receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General (article XIII)..
Dhaabbileen fayyaa bu’ura waliigaltee yaalamtoota faana qabaniin itti gaafatamummaa kan qaban ta’uun ni beekama.Biyyootni itti gaafatamummaa kana mirkaneessan maddi seera isaanii sirna seeraa sivil ti.Akkuma beekamu sirni kun seerotni bifa kitaabaatin kan qindaa’anii taa’aniidha.Akka Biyya keenyaattis seerotni baay’een bifa kitaabaatin gurmaa’anii kan jiran yommuu ta’u isaan keessaa,s/d/f/y,s/d/f/h/h,s/h/h,s/y, fi kkf’n caqasuun ni danda’ama. Biyya keenya dabalatee Jaappaan,Jarman,Kooriyaa Kibbaa,Chaayinaa,Xaaliyaan dabalatee biyyootni addunyaa baay’een sirna siviilii kana hordofaniidha.Kana ta’uu isaatin biyyotni sirna kana hordofan walitti dhufeenyi dhaabbilee fayyaa fi yaalamaa jidduu jiru maal fakkaachuu akka qabu seera isaanii keessatti tarreessu.Bu’ura kanaan itti gaafatamummaa mirkaneessu.[1]
Faallaa kanaa immoo biyyoota sirna kooman low hordofan keessatti madda seera isaanii aadaa,baratama fi murtiiwwan M/M kennaman fa’i.Biyyoota sirna kana hordofan keessatti dhaabbileen fayyaa yaalamtoota faana waliigaltee hin galani.Itti gaafatamummaan waliigalteen osoo hin taane wanta keessa isaanitti beekanii irratti waliigalani jedhaniit waan amananii fi ogeessotni fayyaa doggoggora oogummaa uumaniif yommuu itti gaafataman uwwisa inshuraansii qabu waan ta’eef waliigalteen ala itti gaafatamummaan isaanii mirkanoofnaan miidhamaaf beenyaa kennuun bu’aa bahii baay’ee waan hin qabneefi.[2]
Akka biyya keenyaatti seenaan dhaabbilee fayyaa kan jalqabee bara 1906 irraa jalqabee ta’uun ni beekamaa bara 1948 Ministeerri fayyaa erga dhaabbatee (hundaa’ee) booda dhaabbilee fayyaa lakka’uuf illee nama rakkisan kan hunda’an ta’uu hubachuun ni danda’ama.Kanaaf barreffama kana keessatti itti gafatamummaa dhaabbileen fayyaa mirkaneessun ni danda’ama?moo hin danda’amuu? isa jedhu ilallaa.
Seeraa hariiroo hawaasaa keessatti dhaabbileen fayyaa dogoggora uumaniif itti gafatamummaa ni qabu jedha.Itti gaafatamummaan isaan qaban qabatamaan akkamii kan jedhu dhimma barreeffama kana keessatti ilaalamuudha.Itti gaafatamummaan mirkanaa’uu danda’u isa kam akka ta’e kan xinxalamu ta’a.
Preamble Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, Now, therefore, The General Assembly, Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. Article I All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person. Article 4 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 6 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. Article 7 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. Article 8 Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. Article 9 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. Article 10 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. Article 11 1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. 2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. Article 12 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Article 13 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. 2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. Article 14 1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. 2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Article 15 1. Everyone has the right to a nationality. 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. Article 16 1. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. 2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. 3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. Article 17 1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. Article 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Article 20 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. 2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association. Article 21 1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. 2. Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country. 3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. Article 22 Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. Article 23 1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. 2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. 3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. 4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Article 24 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. Article 25 1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. Article 26 1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. 2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. Article 27 1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. Article 28 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. Article 29 1. Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. 2. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. 3. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Article 30 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
Waajjira Alangaa Godina Jimmaa. 